The Water Festival (Bon Om Touk) is one of the most important and spectacular festivals in Cambodia, attracting millions of people to the capital city of Phnom Penh every year. The festival marks the end of the rainy season and the reversal of the flow of the Tonle Sap River, which is a unique natural phenomenon that supports the livelihoods and biodiversity of millions of Cambodians. The festival also commemorates the ancient naval victories of the Khmer Empire and celebrates the rich cultural heritage and traditions of the country.
The History and Significance of the Water Festival
The Water Festival has a long history that dates back to the 12th century, when the Khmer Empire was at its peak of power and glory. According to legend, King Jayavarman VII ordered his navy to engage in annual boat races to prepare for war against the invading Chams. The boat races were also a way to honor the Naga, the mythical serpent that is believed to be the protector of Cambodia and its water resources. The Naga is also associated with Preah Mae Kongkea, the goddess of water, who is revered and worshipped during the festival.
The Water Festival also coincides with the lunar calendar, which determines the agricultural cycle and religious rituals of Cambodia. The festival usually falls on the full moon of the month of Kadeuk, which is around late October or early November in the Gregorian calendar. The full moon is considered auspicious and sacred, as it symbolizes enlightenment, prosperity, and harmony. The festival also coincides with other regional celebrations, such as Loy Krathong in Thailand and Laos, Il Poya in Sri Lanka, Tazaungdaing in Myanmar, and Boita Bandana in India.
The Water Festival is not only a celebration of history and culture, but also a celebration of life and nature. The festival marks the end of the rainy season, which brings floods and hardships to many parts of Cambodia. The festival also marks the reversal of the flow of the Tonle Sap River, which is one of the most remarkable ecological phenomena in the world. The Tonle Sap River connects the Tonle Sap Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, with the Mekong River, one of the longest and most important rivers in Asia. During the rainy season, from June to October, the Mekong River swells with water from monsoon rains and snowmelt from the Himalayas, causing it to overflow and push water into the Tonle Sap River. This reverses the natural direction of the river, making it flow from south to north towards the lake. As a result, the lake expands up to five times its size, flooding nearby forests and fields and creating a rich habitat for fish and other wildlife. During the dry season, from November to May, the water level of the Mekong River drops, allowing the Tonle Sap River to resume its normal direction, flowing from north to south towards the sea. This drains water from the lake, exposing fertile land for cultivation and harvesting.
The reversal of the Tonle Sap River is crucial for Cambodia’s economy and food security, as it provides abundant fish resources and irrigation for agriculture. The lake alone accounts for more than half of Cambodia’s fish production and supports more than three million people who live around its shores. The river also connects Phnom Penh with other provinces and neighboring countries, facilitating trade and transportation. The Water Festival celebrates this natural bounty and expresses gratitude to Preah Mae Kongkea and Naga for their blessings.
The Highlights and Activities of the Water Festival
The Water Festival lasts for three days and nights, during which Phnom Penh transforms into a vibrant and festive city full of color, music, and excitement. The main attraction of the festival is the boat racing competition, which takes place along the Sisowath Quay riverfront near the Royal Palace. Hundreds of teams from different provinces and villages participate in this event, rowing long wooden boats decorated with colorful flags and dragon heads. The boats can carry up to 70 rowers each, who paddle in sync with drums and chants. The races are divided into several rounds and categories, depending on the size and type of boats. The races are watched by thousands of spectators who cheer for their favorite teams or simply enjoy the spectacle.
The boat racing competition is not only a sport but also a cultural expression that showcases the diversity and unity of Cambodia. Each team represents their own identity and pride, wearing distinctive costumes and accessories that reflect their origin and ethnicity. Some teams also perform traditional dances or rituals before or after their races to honor their ancestors and deities. The boat racing competition also fosters camaraderie and cooperation among the participants, who train together for months before the event.
Another highlight of the festival is the lantern ceremony, which takes place on the first night of the festival. Large lanterns are released into the sky or the river as part of the “Bondet Bratib” ceremony, which means “lighting the city”. The lanterns are made of paper or bamboo and are adorned with candles, flowers, and incense. The lanterns symbolize hope, peace, and happiness, as well as prayers and wishes for the future. The lantern ceremony is also a way to pay respect to Preah Mae Kongkea and Naga, as well as to other spirits and ancestors who protect and guide Cambodia. The lantern ceremony is accompanied by fireworks and music, creating a magical and festive atmosphere.
The third day of the festival is the day of Og Ambok, which means “flattened rice”. Og Ambok is a traditional snack made of rice that is fried in a large pan until it pops, then pounded in a mortar until it becomes flat and crispy. It is usually eaten with bananas or coconut milk. Og Ambok is a symbol of abundance and prosperity, as well as a reminder of Cambodia’s agricultural heritage. On this day, people also worship the moon, which is believed to have healing and rejuvenating powers. People gather around temples or pagodas to offer food, flowers, and candles to the moon, as well as to listen to Buddhist teachings and chants.
The Water Festival also offers many other activities and attractions for visitors and locals alike. The city is filled with stalls and vendors selling various food, drinks, souvenirs, and handicrafts. The city also hosts concerts, shows, exhibitions, and cultural performances that showcase Cambodia’s art and talent. The city also becomes a lively and vibrant nightlife destination, with bars, clubs, restaurants, and hotels offering special deals and entertainment for guests.
The Tips and Advice for Visiting the Water Festival
The Water Festival is an amazing experience that should not be missed by anyone who visits Cambodia during this time of year. However, there are some tips and advice that visitors should follow to make their trip more enjoyable and safe.
• Plan ahead: The Water Festival is one of the busiest and most crowded events in Cambodia, so it is advisable to book your accommodation, transportation, and tickets in advance. You should also check the official schedule and map of the festival to plan your itinerary and avoid missing any activities or attractions that interest you.
• Be prepared: The Water Festival takes place during the dry season, which means that the weather can be hot and sunny during the day and cool and breezy at night. You should dress appropriately for the weather and bring sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, water bottles, and jackets. You should also bring cash, as many stalls and vendors do not accept credit cards or other forms of payment.
• Be respectful: The Water Festival is not only a fun and festive event but also a sacred and cultural one. You should respect the customs and traditions of Cambodia and its people, especially when visiting temples or pagodas or participating in religious ceremonies. You should dress modestly, remove your shoes, cover your shoulders and knees, avoid touching or pointing at statues or monks, and follow the instructions of the guides or authorities.
• Be careful: The Water Festival can also be chaotic and risky at times, especially during the peak hours or in crowded areas. You should be aware of your surroundings and avoid any potential dangers or problems. You should keep your valuables in a safe place or leave them at your hotel. You should also avoid pickpockets, scammers, or touts who may try to take advantage of you or sell you fake or overpriced goods or services.
You should also follow the traffic rules and regulations and use reliable modes of transport such as taxis or ride-sharing apps.
